{"id":13810,"date":"2022-09-27T07:21:01","date_gmt":"2022-09-27T05:21:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onacustica.net\/anatomia-del-oido\/"},"modified":"2023-11-10T10:22:36","modified_gmt":"2023-11-10T09:22:36","slug":"anatomia-del-oido","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.onacustica.net\/ca\/anatomia-del-oido\/","title":{"rendered":"Anatomia de l’ o\u00efda"},"content":{"rendered":"

L’anomenat aparell de l’o\u00efda compleix una doble funci\u00f3: d’una banda, percebre els sorolls i sons del m\u00f3n que ens envolta; d’ altra banda, la de mantenir l’ equilibri.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Ambdues funcions les compleix mitjan\u00e7ant els \u00f2rgans coclear i vestibular respectivament. La connexi\u00f3 d’ aquests receptors amb el sistema nervi\u00f3s central es realitza a trav\u00e9s del vuit\u00e8 parell cranial conegut tamb\u00e9 com el nervi estato-ac\u00fastic.<\/span><\/p>\n

Aparell de l’ o\u00efda<\/h4>\n

Des del punt de vista anat\u00f2mic l’ aparell de l’ o\u00efda compr\u00e8n tres parts: o\u00efda externa, o\u00efda mitjana i o\u00efda interna, localitzades de fora cap endins.<\/p>\n

\u2022 O\u00efda externa: Compr\u00e8n el pavell\u00f3 de l’orella, conducte auditiu extern i membrana del timp\u00e0.<\/p>\n

\u2022 O\u00efda mitjana: Se’l coneix tamb\u00e9 com a caixa del timp\u00e0; limitat per sis parets i entapissat per una membrana mucosa. Posse\u00efdor d’un contingut conegut com la cadena d’ossets de l’o\u00efda, que connecta la membrana del timp\u00e0 (paret externa) amb la finestra oval (finestra interna).<\/p>\n

\u2022 O\u00efda interna: Ubicat al penyal de l’os temporal, igual que les parts precedents. L’o\u00efda interna rep el nom de laberint i est\u00e0 constitu\u00eft per dues estructures diferents i superposades: una superficial de consist\u00e8ncia \u00f2ssia (laberint ossi), i una altra de consist\u00e8ncia membranosa (laberint membran\u00f3s). Es compon de tres parts:<\/p>\n

\u2013 conductes semicirculars<\/p>\n

\u2013 vest\u00edbul<\/p>\n

\u2013 caragol<\/p>\n

La membrana timp\u00e0nica \u00e9s semitransparent i prima, que separa la cadena timp\u00e0nica del conducte auditiu extern, lleugerament oval amb un di\u00e0metre aproximat d’1 cm i un gruix d’1\/10 ml. La major part de la membrana del timp\u00e0 est\u00e0 estirada i es denomina pars tensa, per\u00f2 a la part superior es troba una part m\u00e9s petita, les pars fl\u00e0cida, m\u00e9s laxa i prima que la resta.<\/p>\n

Des del punt de vista histol\u00f2gic, la membrana del timp\u00e0 es compon de tres capes:<\/p>\n

\u2022 Capa interm\u00e8dia: Formada per teixit connectiu fibr\u00f3s i representa la major part de la membrana del timp\u00e0. Es compon sobretot de densos feixos de fibres de col\u00b7lagen disposades en dues capes; a la capa externa (lateral) les fibres irradien cap a fora des del m\u00e0nec del martell, mentre que a la capa interna presenten una disposici\u00f3 circular. Tamb\u00e9 es troben fibres el\u00e0stiques i fibroblasts.<\/p>\n

\u2022 Pell: \u00c9s prima, no queratinitzada, sense p\u00e8ls i sense gl\u00e0ndules. Es compon d’ una epidermis que recolza sobre una prima capa de teixit connectiu subepidermic.<\/p>\n

\u2022 Mucosa: composta per epiteli pla simple que descansa sobre una prima l\u00e0mina pr\u00f2pia.<\/p>\n

Els ossos de l’ o\u00efda<\/h4>\n

Denominat per les seves formes els ossets de l’ o\u00efda s\u00f3n tres: martell, jou i estrep. Ancorada al centre de la membrana timp\u00e0nica es troba el m\u00e0nec del martell, en el seu altre extrem el mateix est\u00e0 unit al jou per lligaments, de manera que sempre que el martell es mou, el jou es mou amb ell. L’ extrem oposat al jou, al seu torn, s’ articula amb el cap de l’ estrep, i la base de l’ estrep es recolza sobre el laberint membran\u00f3s en l’ obertura de la membrana oval, on les ones sonores es condueixen a l’ o\u00efda interna, la coclea o cargol.<\/p>\n

La funci\u00f3 de la membrana i dels ossets \u00e9s transformar les ones sonores de l’ aire en ones en el l\u00edquid de la perilinfa de l’ o\u00efda interna, aquestes ones creen vibracions en la membrana del timp\u00e0 que coincideix amb la de la font sonora. Quan la membrana del timp\u00e0 vibra en direcci\u00f3 medial, tota la cadena d’ ossets adquireixen moviment medial i la base de l’ estrep realitza un gir en aquest sentit cap a la finestra oval. Contr\u00e0riament la vibraci\u00f3 de la membrana del timp\u00e0 en direcci\u00f3 lateral condueix a la base de l’ estrep en la mateixa direcci\u00f3. Aix\u00ed, la base de l’estrep vibra a causa dels moviments de la cadena d’ossos, i els transmet a la perilinfa sota la forma d’ones.<\/p>\n

La trompa d’Eustaquio<\/h4>\n

Una altra possible estructura compromesa pot ser la trompa d’Eustaquio, aquesta posa en comunicaci\u00f3 la cavitat de la caixa amb la rinofaringe. La seva direcci\u00f3 \u00e9s obliqua de fora cap endins, del darrere cap a davant i de dalt cap a baix. La seva longitud \u00e9s de 4 cm, i interiorment es troba entapissada per una membrana mucosa que \u00e9s continuaci\u00f3 de la mucosa de la caixa i es continua amb la de la faringe.<\/p>\n

La funci\u00f3 que t\u00e9 la trompa \u00e9s de ventilar la cavitat timp\u00e0nica per mantenir la mateixa pressi\u00f3 d’ aire a banda i banda de la membrana del timp\u00e0, condici\u00f3 necess\u00e0ria per a la funci\u00f3 auditiva normal.<\/p>\n

Davant variacions sobtades de pressi\u00f3 a l’atmosfera, la trompa d’Eustaquio pot romandre tancada el que es percep com una desagradable sensaci\u00f3 de baixa audici\u00f3.<\/p>\n

La cavitat timp\u00e0nica<\/h4>\n

Una altra estructura important de l’ o\u00efda mitjana \u00e9s la cavitat timp\u00e0nica, petita cavitat irregular, plena d’ aire, inserida entre la membrana del timp\u00e0 i o\u00efda mitjana. Per darrere la cavitat timp\u00e0nica es comunica amb l’antre mastoide i despr\u00e9s amb les cel\u00b7les mastoidees.<\/p>\n

Revestida per una mucosa la qual es comunica cap enrere amb l’antre mastoide i amb la trompa d’Eustaquio. Pel lateral la mucosa revesteix la superf\u00edcie interna de la mucosa del timp\u00e0 i per la cara interna amb la superf\u00edcie lateral de la membrana timp\u00e0nica secund\u00e0ria.<\/p>\n

Estructura i funci\u00f3 de l’ o\u00efda interna<\/h4>\n

L’ o\u00efda interna, tamb\u00e9 anomenada laberint, est\u00e0 compost per una porci\u00f3 \u00f2ssia i una membranosa. La primera \u00e9s un sistema continu de cavitats i conductes a la part petrosa de l’ os temporal que envolta un sistema equivalent de sacs i conductes, el laberint membran\u00f3s.<\/p>\n

En el laberint ossi es compon del vest\u00edbul, conductes semicirculars i de la c\u00f2clea. Pertanyen els primers a l’ \u00f2rgan de l’ equilibri, mentre que la coclea es relaciona amb l’ \u00f2rgan de l’ o\u00efda.<\/p>\n

La funci\u00f3 del laberint vestibular \u00e9s l’estimul adequat t\u00e9 lloc quan ocorren acceleracions de moviment que causen la inclinaci\u00f3 de les c\u00e8l\u00b7lules ciliades. Aix\u00ed es produeixen difer\u00e8ncies de potencial del receptor i de la freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia d’ impulsos de les fibres nervioses vestibulars aferents, per la qual cosa s’ envia al sistema nervi\u00f3s central informaci\u00f3 referida a la posici\u00f3 del cap i als moviments en l’ espai.<\/p>\n

La funci\u00f3 del laberint coclear: quan un moviment vibratori actua sobre l’ estrep, la membrana basilar i les estructures supradyacents s\u00f3n agitades per ones que comencen a nivell de l’ estrep mateix i es dirigeixen cap a l’ helicotrema. Aquestes ones, pel seu car\u00e0cter migratori, van ser denominades ones viatgeres. Elles transporten la informaci\u00f3 ac\u00fastica des de l’ o\u00efda mitjana a l’ orgue de corti. L’\u00f2rgan de corti, amb les seves c\u00e8l\u00b7lules ciliades, actua com un transductor o transformador d’energia, transformant l’energia mec\u00e0nica de l’ona viatgera en energia bioel\u00e8ctrica que es difon pel nervi auditiu.<\/p>\n

L’ o\u00efda<\/h4>\n

\u00c9s l’ \u00f2rgan pel qual \u00e9s possible percebre els sons. Per al seu estudi es divideix en tres parts: o\u00efda externa, o\u00efda mitjana i o\u00efda interna, aquest \u00faltim compr\u00e8n el laberint, part essencial de l’ aparell auditiu i \u00f2rgan de l’ equilibri.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

L’anomenat aparell de l’o\u00efda compleix una doble funci\u00f3: d’una banda, percebre els sorolls i sons del m\u00f3n que ens envolta; d’ altra banda, la de mantenir l’ equilibri. Ambdues funcions les compleix mitjan\u00e7ant els \u00f2rgans coclear i vestibular respectivament. La connexi\u00f3 d’ aquests receptors amb el sistema nervi\u00f3s central es realitza a trav\u00e9s del vuit\u00e8 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13675,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[109],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13810","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-saber-i-oir"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAnatomia de l' o\u00efda - Onac\u00fastica<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onacustica.net\/ca\/anatomia-del-oido\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Anatomia de l' o\u00efda - Onac\u00fastica\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"L’anomenat aparell de l’o\u00efda compleix una doble funci\u00f3: d’una banda, percebre els sorolls i sons del m\u00f3n que ens envolta; d’ altra banda, la de mantenir l’ equilibri. Ambdues funcions les compleix mitjan\u00e7ant els \u00f2rgans coclear i vestibular respectivament. 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